A limited number of signalling pathways are involved in the specification of cell fate during the development of all animals. Several of these pathways were originally identified in Drosophila. To clarify their roles, and possible cross-talk, we have built a logical model for the nine key signalling pathways recurrently used in metazoan development. In each case, we considered the associated ligands, receptors, signal transducers, modulators, and transcription factors reported in the literature. Implemented using the logical modelling software GINsim, the resulting models qualitatively recapitulate the main characteristics of each pathway, in wild type as well as in various mutant situations (e.g. loss-of-function or gain-of-function). These models constitute pluggable modules that can be used to assemble comprehensive models of complex developmental processes. Moreover, these models of Drosophila pathways could serve as scaffolds for more complicated models of orthologous mammalian pathways. Comprehensive model annotations and GINsim files are provided for each of the nine considered pathways. Helikar Tomas thelika@unmc.edu University of Nebraska - Lincoln 2015-01-22T11:06:24Z 2016-01-22T07:08:46Z

Wingless<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P09615" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">P09615</a></div><div>Gene Name: wg</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">34009</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

<div>LDLR chaperone boca</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8T9B6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q8T9B6</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: boca</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">48986</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

F-box protein Supernumary limbs (SLMB)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VDE3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VDE3</a><br/>Gene Name: slmb</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">42504</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">&nbsp;</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Protein Nejire (NEJ)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q0ZIL3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q0ZIL3</a></div><div>Gene Name: nej</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43856</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">&nbsp;</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Groucho (Gro)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P16371" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">P16371</a></div><div>Gene Name: Gro</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43162</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

<div>Wingful or Notum (Wf)</div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VUX3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VUX3</a><div>Gene Name: Notum</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">39751</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Hyrax (HYX)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VHI1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VHI1</a></div><div>Gene Name: hyx</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">41086</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">&nbsp;</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

<div>Naked cuticle (Nkd)</div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P30974" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">P30974</a><div>Gene Name: nkd</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">44843</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Protein Pygopus (PYGO)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9V9W8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9V9W8</a></div><div>Gene Name: pygo</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43718</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">&nbsp;</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Proteasome protein complex

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Tout-velu (TTV), a heparan sulphate\r\ncopolymerase<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9V730" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9V730</a></div><div>Gene Name: ttv</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">36614</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Casein kinase I alpha<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P54367" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(222, 239, 245);">P54367</a></div><div>Gene Name:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/32221" ref="ordinalpos=1&amp;ncbi_uid=32221&amp;link_uid=32221" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">CkIalpha</a></div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">32221</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

homeodomain interacting protein kinase (HIPk)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9W0Q1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9W0Q1</a></div><div>Gene Name: hipk</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">38070</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Legless&nbsp;Protein BCL9 homolog&nbsp;(LGS)<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q961D9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q961D9</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: lgs</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43791</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Frizzled (Fz)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q24760" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q24760</a></div><div>Gene Name: fz</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">45307</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Target nodes from the paper [1]

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Adenomatous Polyposis\r\nColi (APC)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9Y1T2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9Y1T2</a></div><div>Gene Name: Apc</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">11789</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

cytoplasmic protein Dishevelled\r\n(DSH)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51140" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">P51140</a></div><div>Gene Name: dsh</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">32078</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Protein&nbsp;Pangolin (PAN)&nbsp;<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8IMA8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q8IMA8</a></div><div>Gene Name: pan</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43769</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

<div>NF-kappa-B essential modulator (nemo)</div><font face="Arial, Verdana"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">UniProt ID:&nbsp;</span></font><a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9GYV5" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20.081974029541px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9GYV5</a><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: nmo</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">38890</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Axis inhibition protein (Axin)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9V407" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9V407</a></div><div>Gene Name: Axn</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43565</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Division Abnormally Delayed&nbsp;proteglycans<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q966V5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q966V5</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: dally</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">39013</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Armadillo&nbsp;segment polarity protein<font face="Arial, Verdana"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">&nbsp;(Arm)</span></font><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P18824" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(222, 239, 245);">P18824</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: Arm</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">31151</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Dally-like proteoglycans&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">(DLP)</span><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">UniProt ID:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9GPL5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9GPL5</a></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Gene Name: dlp</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Gene ID:&nbsp;</span><span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">39596</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Protein Kinase Shaggy (Sgg)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6A4W4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q6A4W4</a></div><div>Gene Name: Sgg</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">31248</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Arrow (Arr)<div>UniProt ID:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A1Z9D7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(222, 239, 245);">A1Z9D7</a></div><div>Gene Name: arr</div><div>Gene ID:&nbsp;<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">44279</span></div>

 2015-11-15T20:51:28Z

Wg positively regulates Fz [1, 2]. Boca<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">&nbsp;positively regulates Fz [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].</span>

"WG can associate with members of the Frizzled family of\r\nseven transmembrane-domain receptors" [1, 2]

WG requires two transmembrane receptors, Arrow, a member\r\nof the LDLR family, and either Frizzled or Fz2.\r\nExperimental localization of Boca and epistasis experiments\r\nsuggest a potential role for Boca in the processing and/or\r\ntransport of one of these receptors. [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

 S_1 1 S_5 1

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Hyx activates Targets [1, 2].&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Lgs activates Targets [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Nej</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">&nbsp;activates Targets [1]. Pan</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">&nbsp;activates Targets [1]. Pygo</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">&nbsp;activates Targets [1].&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Gro inhibits Targets [1]</span>

Next, ARM translocates into the nucleus and binds Pangolin (PAN). Then, the ARM/PAN\r\ncomplex with the help of other cofactors (LGS, Nej, Pygo and Hyx) activates the transcription of\r\nWG targets [1]

Gro inhibits Targets [1]

HYX plays a key role in mediating the transcriptional output\r\nof ARM in response to WG pathway activation [1, 2]

Next, ARM translocates into the nucleus and binds Pangolin (PAN). Then, the ARM/PAN\r\ncomplex with the help of other cofactors (LGS, Nej, Pygo and Hyx) activates the transcription of\r\nWG targets [1]

Next, ARM translocates into the nucleus and binds Pangolin (PAN). Then, the ARM/PAN\r\ncomplex with the help of other cofactors (LGS, Nej, Pygo and Hyx) activates the transcription of\r\nWG targets [1]

[The adaptor protein Legless (LGS) links ARM N-terminalhomology domain (NHD) and PYGO, is essential for WGregulated\r\ntranscriptional activation" [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]

 S_13 1 S_11 1 S_7 1 S_15 1 S_26 1 S_8 1

Dsh inhibits APC [1]

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Dsh inhibits APC [1]</span>

 S_10 1

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Arr activates Dsh [1]. Fz</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">&nbsp;activates Dsh [1, 2]. Nkd</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">&nbsp;inhibits Dsh [1, 3].</span>

Arr activates Dsh [1]

"NKD regulates embryonic WG activity by acting as an\r\ninducible antagonist of the WG transduction component DSH" [1, 3]

"Frizzled proteins are receptors for WG and functions\r\nupstream of Dishevelled (Dsh), recruiting this cytoplasmic protein\r\nto the cell membrane" [1, 2]&nbsp;

 S_2 1 S_12 1 S_25 1 S_12 1

Arm activates Pan [1]. Nemo inactives Pan [1].

"ARM translocates into the nucleus and binds Pangolin (PAN)." [1]

"Nemo can inhibit PAN and thereby controls\r\nthe level of WG signalling." [1]&nbsp;

 S_20 1 S_17 1

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Pan inhibits Nemo [1]</span>

Pan inhibits Nemo [1]

 S_15 1

Dsh inhibits Axin [1, 2, 3].

"In the presence of WG ligand, DSH inhibits the\r\nphosphorylation of ARM by the complex APC/SGG/Axin,\r\nthereby stabilizing it." [1, 2, 3]

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Ttv activates Dally [1, 2, 3, 4]. Wf inhibits Dally [1, 5, 6, 7].

WF presumably inhibits the activity of a co-receptor\r\ncomponent, such as Dally [1, 5, 6, 7].

The production of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)\r\ninvolved in WG movement, such as Dally and Dally-like\r\n(DLP), requires Tout-velu (TTV), a heparan sulphate\r\ncopolymerase [1, 2, 3, 4].

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<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">CK1alpha activates Arm [1, 4, 5]. Hipk activates Arm [1, 6, 7].&nbsp;</span>Slmb inhibits Arm [1].&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Sgg inhibits Arm [1, 2].&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">APC inhibits Arm [1, 2].&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Axin inhibits Arm [1, 3].&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Proteasome inhibits Arm [1, 2, 3].</span>

SGG, a serine threonine kinase, lies upstream of ARM, and\r\npositively regulates the phosphorylation of ARM, while APC\r\nis a member of this complex. [1, 2]

"APC is a component of the WG pathway functioning as a\r\nnegative regulator in signal transduction.\r\nThe cytoplasmic localization of ARM is regulated by\r\nphosphorylation.\r\nSGG, a serine threonine kinase, lies upstream of ARM, and\r\npositively regulates the phosphorylation of ARM, while APC\r\nis a member of this complex.\r\nThis complex leads to the degradation of ARM in the absence\r\nof WG signalling" [1, 2]

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Slmb inhibits Arm [1]</span>

"HIPK can promote ARM stabilization in regions of the wing\r\ndisc receiving lower levels of WG signalling. Stabilized\r\nARM can induce gene expression of WG targets." [1, 6, 7]

"RNAi knockdown of CKI alpha inhibits ARM\r\nphosphorylation and degradation, and induces PAN-mediated\r\nluciferase expression" [1, 4, 5]

Together, Axin, APC and Zeste-white 3 form a protein\r\ncomplex, which signals ARM for destruction by the\r\nproteasome. [1, 3]

Together, Axin, APC and Zeste-white 3 form a protein\r\ncomplex, which signals ARM for destruction by the\r\nproteasome [1, 2, 3]

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Ttv activates dlp [1, 2, 3, 4]. Wf inhibits Dlp [1, 5, 6, 7].

WF presumably inhibits the activity of a co-receptor\r\ncomponent, such as Dally or Dally-like (DLP) proteoglycans\r\nthat appear to participate in WG reception [1, 5, 6, 7]

The production of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)\r\ninvolved in WG movement, such as Dally and Dally-like\r\n(DLP), requires Tout-velu (TTV), a heparan sulphate\r\ncopolymerase [1, 2, 3, 4]

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Dsh inhibits Sgg [1]

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Dsh inhibits Sgg [1]</span>

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Wg activates Arr [1, 2, 3, 4]

Secreted Wingless initiates signaling through the Frizzled\r\nfamily of receptors and Arrow. [1, 2, 3, 4]&nbsp;

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